The cases also suggest that gender, racialization, and religion mediate the way in which the different stereotypes are invoked, and that Arabs and Muslims are stereotyped in diverse contexts including workplaces, schools, and state institutions.
The tribunal decisions reveal that the terrorist profile requires the other two profiles for its efficacy, but the liar/untrustworthy motif and the un-Canadian/existential threat motif also operate independently of the terrorist motif. The analysis rests on the facts found and conclusions reached in nine claims filed by Arab or Muslim applicants before the British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec or Canadian human rights tribunals. This article examines three prevailing Arab and Muslim stereotypes: the conviction that Arabs and Muslims have a culturally ordained propensity towards violence the belief that, regardless of their citizenship status, Arabs and Muslims remain foreigners who threaten Western values and the notion that Arabs and Muslims are dishonest. Stereotypes exclude, stigmatize, and burden Arabs and Muslims in Canada. 190 MANITOBA LAW JOURNAL| VOLUME 42 ISSUE 4 cyber operations that do not comply with Canada's international legal obligations and are not authorized by Parliament. He thanks his reviewers for their helpful feedback. Upon graduation, he will clerk at the Supreme Court of British Columbia before articling at a full-service firm in Vancouver. In law school, he competed in the Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition. Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia. These changes raise concerns that the expansion of CSE's offensive capabilities, without careful oversight, may enable CSE to conduct * Nicholas Rosati is a JD student at the Peter A. Finally, Bill C-59 makes significant changes to CSE's mandate, namely the addition of an "active" cyber mandate. However, legislative reform under Bill C-59 implements external accountability measures in a manner that satisfies Charter requirements. This raises serious concerns that this regime does not comply with sections 8 and 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Operations under the current mandate of the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) may incidentally capture Canadian information and thereby affect Canadian privacy interests.
National security policy in cyberspace presents a unique security challenge.
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